Physiological probability and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia: Mechanisms and clinical implications
Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Kirkuk-Iraq.
Review
International Journal of Frontiers in Biology and Pharmacy Research, 2026, 09(02), 020-026.
Article DOI: 10.53294/ijfbpr.2026.9.2.0016
Publication history:
Received on 06 March 2026; revised on 15 April 2026; accepted on 17 April 2026
Abstract:
Due to a lack of oxygen in the body (hypoxia), a cascade of physiological experiences occurs and leads to the final appearance of hypoxia-related processes aimed at preserving the functions of cells and overall homeostasis. The review will provide an overview of the current information on the acute and chronic adaptive responses to hypoxia, cardiopulmonary, metabolic reprogramming responses, hematological responses, and molecular response in hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Also, it discusses maladaptive sequelae related to the long-term or excessive hypoxic exposure, including oxidative stress and inflammation and organ dysfunction. Clinical significance of this elucidation of these processes is immense to the diseases that involve high-altitude illness, chronic pulmonary disorders, ischemic disorders, and critical care. Knowledge of positive and negative impact of hypoxia could be utilized to inform treatment interventions and oxygen delivery strategies on optimization.
Keywords:
Hypoxia; HIFs; Oxidative stress; Oxidative stress; Oxygen
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Copyright © 2026 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0